Step 1 : Loading JDBC Driver
First step to connect to any database using JDBC is to first load a JDBC driver. Once loaded we use methods of this driver to interact with the database. If JDBC driver is not loaded or could not be loaded we cannot connect to the database. For this example we are using Sun's JDBC/ODBC bridge driver though not a production class driver does allow us to connect to any ODBC compliant database on Windows platform. So the first step will be :

	Connection con = null;
	Statement stmt = null;
	ResultSet rs = null;

	try {
		Class.forName("sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver");

Notice that we first declare the three objects we will be using, Connection, Statement and ResultSet objects. All of them are found in the java.sql package. We then start a try block to catch any exceptions that may be thrown. Last line is the main step where we dynamically load the JDBC driver using Class.forName() method. sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver is the JDBC driver we are using.

Step 2 : Making Connection
Ok we have loaded the JDBC driver it is time to make connection to the database. We do this using DriverManager.getConnection() method. As an argument to this method we provide 'path' to the database we are going to connect with.

	con = DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:odbc:odbc_exmp");

The path to our database is 'jdbc:odbc:odbc_exmp'. If you have to substitute some other DSN then replace 'odbc_exmp' with the newer one e.g. 'jdbc:odbc:newDSN'.

Step 3 : Retrieving Records
We are connected to the database, how to display records? well to display records we will have to create just two more objects, Statement and ResultSet. Statement object encapsulates the SQL query we want to execute and ResultSet object is the real object which carries our records which we want to display.

	stmt = con.createStatement();
	rs = stmt.executeQuery("SELECT * FROM Names");

We create the Statement object using Connection.createStatement() method. Once created we provide it with the SQL query we want to use to retrieve records, which in this case is "SELECT * FROM Names". This query retrieves all records from the 'Names' table. Statement.executeQuery() method returns a ResultSet object containing the records retrieved using that query.

Step 4 : Displaying Records
We now have a ResultSet object filled with records retrieved from the database, so how to show them? This is how we iterate through the records :

	while(rs.next()) {
		out.print(rs.getObject(1).toString());
		out.print("\t");
		out.print(rs.getObject(2).toString());
		out.print("\t\t");
		out.print(rs.getObject(3).toString());
		out.print("\n");
	}

Using a while loop we iterate through the records. Notice that ResultSet.next() methods does two things. One that it returns a boolean ( true / false ) value indicating more records are there to be shown and second that it moves the database cursor one row forward so that next time when we call ResultSet.getObject() method we get object from the next row.

Within the while loop we access records for each field of the table 'Names' using ResultSet.getObject(n) method where 'n' is the number of field from left to right. Since our table 'Names' had three fields we use this method thrice in the loop and each time incrementing it by one to show record from each field. We then use Object.toString() method to display a String value back to the user.

Step 5 : Catching Exceptions
We connected to the database, retrieved records, showed it to the user, now what? catch the exceptions that may be thrown during unforseen situations.

	} catch (SQLException e) {
		throw new 
		ServletException("Servlet Could not display records.", e);
	} catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
		throw new 
		ServletException("JDBC Driver not found.", e);
	}

Step 6 : Closing Connection
In the end we close connection to the database.

	finally {
		try {
			if(rs != null) {
				rs.close();
				rs = null;
			}
			if(stmt != null) {
				stmt.close();
				stmt = null;
			}
			if(con != null) {
				con.close();
				con = null;
			}
		} catch (SQLException e) {}
	}

We close all the objects we created earlier and trap all the exceptions that might have been thrown.

Summary
In this tutorial we developed a 'DisplayServlet' which displays records from 'Names' table in 'odbc_exmp.mdb' database. We discussed all the steps of making a connection to the database to closing that connection in detail. Following are the steps we discussed :

• Load the JDBC driver
• Make a Connection
• Retrieve Records
• Display Records
• Catch Exceptions
• Close Connection

Tip
To establish a connection to any database you need to have a JDBC driver with you. In most cases this will be provided to you by the database vendor e.g. in case of Oracle 8i. But some database providers haven't created JDBC drivers themselves due to political reasons e.g. Microsoft SQL Server, in which case you have to buy JDBC drivers from some other JDBC driver vendor at some price. Quite a few JDBC drivers of open source RDBMS are available for free e.g. MySQL and PostgreSQL.

JDBC driver is of four types ( I, II, III, IV ). Type IV is the fastest of all and you should always look for type IV JDBC driver, drill this into your brain; always use type IV JDBC driver. Almost all RDMS have type IV JDBC drivers available so there is no reason as to why not to use them.